A rack-supported mezzanine utilizes the heavy-duty vertical upright frames and horizontal beams of the racking system itself as the primary load-bearing substructure for the intermediate floors, walkways, and decking. This yields extraordinary capital cost efficiency and maximizes dense bin shelving or carton picking. Conversely, a structural steel mezzanine uses heavy hot-rolled universal columns and universal beams (I-beams) to span wide distances, creating open, unobstructed ground-level clearance for bulk material handling, machinery, or free forklift navigation.